2.
   2024
/   
 ( )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           '  
2.        - '   ,       
  '  
 -
3.      , 1   72      ?
4.                
 -
5.             2    
2.
6.       2      
-
7.                  
8. 
   -         ?   ' 
2.
   2024
/   
 ( )
 : 3     :100
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.           '  
:  :      
   ,     '   
   
  -   
 ,   ,    
       ,        
 
2.
    -   
 -   
     
              
   ,      ,  " "  
    
 :     
     ,        , 
   ,           
     ,      
    
            
       ,     
      
        
        
:        
2.
      '     ,     
()        ,        
       
 
    ' , ,       
              
    ,         - , 
    
      ,   
    
    ,           
 
  :   
              , 
  
 ,            
    '    
   
            ,
       ,       , 
  
             
   
          ,     
      , -      
  
    :    
21
 ,           , 
,           
               
    
    '        ,
         -    
             
          
2.
            
            
 ,            
             
       -     , , 
   , ,        
  ,       
        
    , 
       '      
    ,  '       
    
    ,         
             -
     '         
   
 ,          - , 
    ,     ,   
   

               
     
       
;      ;     ;  
    ;       
,             ,  
,        ,       
      ,        , 
     
2.
2.        - '   ,       
  '  
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    
:     14  1931    
 ,  ,          
       
    ,     -      
             
             
,               

        ,        
       
󷊨󷊩   
             
       :
o    :        , 
-  -    
o       :      
      
o    :  ,   (  , -
-)   
o        :   ,    
,      '   
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
1.        
       
  -       
    ,          

 
2.      
               
             ,   
"  "  
3.   
2.
  ,       '  ,   
        (1980)    
               
4.      
  54            ,   
      ,   ,     
    
 
5.    '  
            
             
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
 1984        ,       
    
  ,   ,          

   
  ,      ,     
  
󽆪󽆫󽆬  
  :    ,    
    
 :        -   
          ,      
 
 : 20
            ,
         ' 
󷊨󷊩
                
   -   ,       
        
,        
   ,      
2.
 -
3.      , 1   72      ?
:󷙢  :            
   ,   ()  7    :
, , , , , , 
     -      :
→ 2 (, )
→ 2 
 → 2  (, )
→ 2
→ 2 
:
 Pa   (  
)
     ,      
󷚆󷚇󷚈     
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 
     ,
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    (, , , , )    ,
     (7-)    ?
  72  ()   
󷙣󷙤󷙥  72    -- 
󷄧󷄫       
      :
2.
  (   )   
 (   )   
    '     (     )
󷚆󷚇󷚈    (---)
 
 :
   
   
   
      :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔Ga  Re     
        
 - :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
   6  -   
   2  :
₁ ( )
₂ ( )
   :
6 × 2 = 12
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔12 -    
2.
󷚆󷚇󷚈    (--)
    :
Dha, Ni     
  3   (  -)
 - :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔6  
󷙢 : 12 × 6
 :
12  
6  
  ():
12 × 6 = 72
󽆪󽆫󽆬       72   
󷙣󷙤󷙥         
   
          

:
   
    
2.
Sa  '  
 
  -  :





     (   
)
       ,   72     
 ,  
󷚆󷚇󷚈     
?
  ,       
:
   + 
  
    
    
   
:
  
    
󷙢  10      
   ,        10   

  10   72       
 :
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔72 =   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔10 =  
󷙣󷙤󷙥    
   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  - 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    '   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ×   = 72
 :
               
󷄧󼿒  
   , 72  ( )       ,  
     (---)   (--)     (, ,
, , )         12    6  
  (12 × 6)  ,      72       
           
 
4.                
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌        ?
   ,   ( )   '    
             
       '          
   ,      ()    
       -    ,    
 
,  ,        
󷊨󷊩  
2.
24-    -     ,     
  :
1.   ( 4  -  7 ):
o : , 
o : ,  ,   
2.  ( 7  - 10 ):
o : , 
o : , , 
3.   ( 10  -  1 ):
o : ,  
o : , 
4.  (1  - 4 ):
o : , 
o : -, 
5.   (  4  -   7 ):
o : , 
o : , ,  
6.   (  7  -   10 ):
o : , 
o : ,   
7.    (  10  - 1 ):
o : ,  
o : ,   , 
8.       ( 1    4  ):
o : ,  
o : , 
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
1. :     -    , 
 ,   ,    -      

2. :    ,       
       
3. :         ,  
      '         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼           
  : ,        
  :,     
  : ,  ,    
2.
     : ,   -
󽆪󽆫󽆬   
   ,         ,  
     
,   ,   '       
   ,      
 ,              
'    '    
󷊨󷊩  
 
        
       
      
 
  
     ,      
         ,       
 
            
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌
    ,          
   
      
,         
            ,    :
             
 -
5.             2    
: 󷙢   (  )
  :
2.
"              2    "
       :
1.        (  , , ,  )
2.    (    ) 
3.    (        )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   ( +  )
󷚆󷚇󷚈    ? ( )
   :
  () 

    (16 )
        
, ,  
  '       
          
󷙣󷙤󷙥    ?
  :
    
   
    
 '    ( )
    :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 ( )
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ()
󷄧󼿒  
( -  )
2.
󷚆󷚇󷚈   -     (  )
 :
:^  '
:' ^ 
:
 :
 :
󷙢  ()    
  : (16 )
 :
:"" 
󷚆󷚇󷚈
 :


 ^

^
^ 
|  |  |  | Dha |M^ DN S' | NDM^ G |RGM^ D | NRS ||
 :
|  |  |  | Dha |S' NDN | S' NDM^ |DN S'R' | S' NDM^ |
|  |  |  | Dha |GM^ DN | R'S'ND |M^ GRS | NRS ||
󷙣󷙤󷙥   1
Ni RGM^ DN S'S' NDM^ GR SNi RGM^ DN RS ()
2.
󷙣󷙤󷙥   2
GM^ DN S' N DM^ GRSNR GM^ DN R' S' ND M^ GRS ()
󽆐󽆑󽆒󽆓󽆔󽆕      (  )
          :
1.   +  + 
2.      
3.  -  
4. 2    ' 
5. 16-   
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸     
  :
  

 
  
 
 '    
     
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
:
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 =  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 =  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 =  
     ()    
2.
6.       2      
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌  
   
    
  -   ,    ()   ()
        
     ( ) ,       

  ( ):    ()   '
  ( ):'    ()   
  ( ): ()
  (  ): ()
 (    ):   (),   
  
  '  ( 6-9 )    
           
 ,    
 
 (  )
  (  )   
 ,   ,    ,      
  

          
    
     
 
   ,   - (    ),
     
            
󷊨󷊩  
   
    
2.
"    "         (  
   )   
 -  ,            

  ( ): ()   ()  '
  ( ):'  ()    () 
,   ( )    ( )   ,   
       
  ( ): ()
  (  ): ()
 (    ):    ,     
  
  '    ( 6-9 )    
          
 (  )
  (  )   
, ,    ,        
  

      ,   ,  ,     
  
        ()    , 
          
           
  ,       
󷙣󷙤󷙥     

  
  
 


 
-
-


 
 ,  
 


 


 
 ( 6-9 )
 (6-9 )
2.
 (  )
,  , 
,   ,

 
   (),   
    ,     

    

 ,    
󽆪󽆫󽆬
           
 ,    
 ,     
 ,      ,     
  ,  
       
,  ,    
     
-
7.                  
:󷊨󷊩     ?
   14-    ()     '    
 ,                
-   ,         
   ,     ,   -    
,
  
,     
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓     
   :
14  ( )
4  ()   
: 5 + 2 + 3 + 4
     :
2.
1 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 | 8 9 10 | 11 12 13 14
- :

 ()󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉
󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉
󷷪󷷫󷷬󷷭󷷮󷷯󷷰󷷱󷷲
󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉
       :
󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉2 3 4 5 |󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉7 |󷷪󷷫󷷬󷷭󷷮󷷯󷷰󷷱󷷲9 10 |󷷻󷷼󷷽󷷾󷷿󷸀󷸁󷸂󷸃󷸄󷸅󷸆󷸇󷸈󷸉12 13 14
         -        -
       
󻏂󻏃󻏄󻏅󻏆󻏇󻏈     ( )
          
󷄧󼿒  ()– )
     |  - |    |    -
    :
     |  - |    |    -
  :


1

2

3

4

5

6

7
-
8

9

10

2.
11

12

13

14
-
:
 1 =  (  )
 8 =  () →  
󷙣󷙤󷙥       
 (4+4+4+4)     ,   5+2+3+4   
 
     :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
        '           
󽁗       
     -   -        
  
       :
(1× )
(2× )
󻏂󻏃󻏄󻏅󻏆󻏇󻏈  ( )
      
1 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 | 8 9 10 | 11 12 13 14
     |  - |    |    -
2.
         
󽁗  ( )
 , 
    
      14   -     
 
      :
       |       |
      |     -
  -  :

 
1
 
2
 
3
 
4
 
5
 
6
 
7
 
8
 
9
 
10
 
11
 
12
 
13
 
14
-
(      ;       
)
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃       
    :
1.      
2.      
 
3.     
2.
4. -     
5.  ( 1) '      

   ,         
󷊭󷊮󷊯󷊱󷊰󷊲󷊳󷊴󷊵󷊶      
    
:
      
      
    
 
   
 
       
       
    14    
 
8. 
   -         ?   ' 
:󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌   
 ( )
           
   
 ,       
 ,     ,         
       ,      


󷊨󷊩  

   
     - ,     
      
           

2.
      ,
    
          
,     ,    ()    

   , -    
           ,    
   
        

          
      ,        
    ()  
 ()
       ,       
     ,         
      
󷙣󷙤󷙥    

   ,   
-,     
            
      
 
 
      -  
     
        

     ,       
,     
       
 
2.
 -    
            
     ,    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
 
         
      ,        
  -    
 / 
         
        
  ,     
 
          
  ,       
󽆪󽆫󽆬      
1.    :          
   
2.    :, ,          
 
3.     :           
,      
4.    :,         , 
  
 
5.   :          ,
     
 
󷊨󷊩
         -  , , -   

                ,
         
2.
"                 
 
          ,         
 "